JA      Iwasaki Tsunemasa (aka Iwasaki Kan'en, 1786-1842)   Sōmoku Sodate-gusa (Growing Trees and Plants / Cultivation and care of plants) ; 1818.  Two volumes.  This general work on horticulture, which mentions bonsai, describes and illustrates various methods of plant cultivation and care.  The illustrations in part I depict said methods: two types of grafting, taking cuttings, propagation under cover, etc.  Also shows plant pests such as caterpillars and their eggs, and beetles.  The black-and-white illustrations are enhanced with a little grey colour.  Iwasaki was active in Edo (modern Tokyo), then the center of botanical and zoological studies in Japan, and served as superintendent of a botanical garden belonging to the shōgun.  His other large work, the extensive and fully illustrated Honzō zufu, was his crowning glory.

Per the Omiya Bonsai Museum's The Story of "Bonsai,", pg. 11, "The section [in Somoku Sodate-gusa, 1818, on Vol. 1, pg. 74, right half of above picture] is entitled with the reading noted as 'hachi-ue' [8th column from left, in left half of above picture].  In the second line [7th column from left, in left half of above picture], the kanji characters used today -- -- can be seen [to the left of the more cursive hiragana inside green outline].  However, one point to note carefully is that the reading for these kanji characters is also written here as 'hachi-uhe' [as hiragana inside green outline].  In other words, while the kanji characters used are the same as today, this is merely the result of choosing kanji characters which match the meaning of the ancient Japanese word 'hachi-ue,' hence it is also written as .  The characters as used here are therefore not 'bonsai' as used today but rather the result of expressing 'hachi-ue' with kanji characters.  Bonsai () as we know it today does not come into use until a later period." 2

JA      Kinta (ed.)   Sōmoku Kihin Kagami (A Mirror of Rare Trees) ; 1827.  Three volumes.  Assisted by Genzo, a florist.  Shows the taste of the age for hundreds of rare and unusual varieties.  Includes illustrations of bonsai, none of which could be identified as surviving contemporary trees.  The earliest known use of the name "Chabo-hiba" is from this work.  While "Chabo-hiba" itself is not covered in the book, a Chamaecyparis cultivar listed as Chabo-yadori, meaning "bantam's nest" is described.  The accompanying illustration shows a plant with two types of foliate, the loose, feathery growth ("Cryptomeria-like") rising out of a "nest" of tight congested growth ("Chabo-hiba-like").  In the text, the author states that he first noticed the plant as an unusual branch (or sport) on a specimen of 'Chabo-hiba', and propagated it specially. 3

JA      Taisho, Shokin   (Renowned Plant Cultivators); 1827.  Includes a fine collection of bonsai drawings. 4

JA      Mizuno Chukyo (aka Mizuno Issai)   Sōmoku Kinyoshu ( A Colorful Collection of Trees and Plants / Collection of tree leaves) ; 1829.  Six volumes plus Appendix.  Sketches by Oka Umpo and Sekine Untei, mostly showing a wide variety of variegated leaves.  Some scholars consider this to be the best sort ever published in Japan.  Includes the basic criteria, in detail and with two illustrations, for the ideal form of the classical pine bonsai, in Vol. 7.  The "classic" pine bonsai is a tree in which neither the trunk of the tree, the roots, nor the balance of the right and left branches has any front or back, and which has no taboo branches from whichever side it is viewed...  From base to top, it should show no cut-off branches; it should be free of all faults such as bent branches or uneven curves in the trunk.  And it should present convincingly the appearance of an aged pine, with no sign of artifice remaining, from every viewpoint.  So strict were the formal criteria for a good classical pine bonsai that a matsu-zukuri (pine-grower; i.e., a bonsai expert; also known as a matsushi, "pine expert") was lucky if he achieved a single good one in his lifetime; almost always, the trunk was bent, the branches were in the wrong places, or there was some other fault.  He could grow thousands of trees without one that fulfilled all the requirements.  A tree that was "really successful as a pine" was not produced more than once in a pine-grower's lifetime, and good specimens were exceedingly rare.  The author had the artists sketch plants repeatedly from life until they were skilled in showing the characteristics that were to be emphasized.  Some of the figures are the same as in Somoku Kihin Kagami. 5

JA                          Sōmoku Ikushu ; 1829.  A nearly complete work on gardening.  Subjects covered in this document include questions of soil quality, watering, feeding of plants, propagation, transplanting, treating insects and disease, and notices of seasonal chores.  In the section on watering, the author discusses the importance of drainage holes in containers.  The discussion moves on to say that unglazed bisque-fired pots are the best for plants, as the soil will dry out faster and thus prevent root rot. 6

JA      Choseisha, Aruji (aka Choseisha Shujin)   Kin seiju fu betsuroku (Album of Long Lived Plants) ; Edo: Nakamura ; 1833.  Possibly the first catalog of bonsai.  Profusely illustrated and identifying many varieties of trees, showing the method of nurturing, side or cleft grafting, and care of potted trees.  Explanations as to rooting methods and the tools necessary.  Bright containers and ceramics of various shapes and depths are shown in this three volume work of 21 + 20 + 20 double-folded pages. 7

JA      Abe Rekisai Yoshito (1805-1870)   Sōmoku Sodate-gusa, Jo (Growing Trees and Plants / Cultivation and care of plants, second series) ; 1837.  Four volumes.  Revised second edition.  A supplement to the one by Iwasaki Tsunemasa with similar title, this work also includes a chapter on the beginnings of the Imperial gardens.  Gives more detailed advise with illustrations on the growing of bonsai in Vol. 3.  8

JA       Iwasaki Kan'en (1786-1842)  Sōmoku-ka Taigai Fu ; c.1842.  States that during Tempo era (1830-1844), price of an "instant" bonsai was a mere 150 to 300 mon, while a "large pine, in the present owner's possession for several years, on which a good deal of trouble has been lavished" cost as much as ten ryo, approximately 65,000 mon.  (The mon would be replaced by the yen after 1870.) 9

JA       Kimura, Tōsen and Yoshishige Utagawa   Tōkaidō gojusantsugi hachiyama zue (Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido Highway Represented as Mountains in a Bowl) ; Shioya Yashichi ; May 1848.  24.8 x 17.2 cm.  Two volumes: One contains views #1 - 28; Two has views #29-53.  A traditional artistic theme done here using magical miniature landscapes.  See also Note 22 sample views here. 10

1       Young, Dorothy  Bonsai, The Art and Technique (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1985), pg. 7, gives the date as 1822, b&w pictures courtesy of Kyuzo Murata; cf. Lesniewicz, Paul  Bonsai: The Complete Guide to Art & Technique (Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press; 1984), pg. 13, who shows a sepia photo (attributed to Dr. Horace Clay of Hawaii), with the caption "1808, a pun-ching by Sumie Buzen."  What is shown is a detailed mountain landscape, in a round or oval light-colored pot with dark geometric patterns on the sides.  The groundcover goes up the sides of the rocks, and there are at least two thin taller trees, possibly pines.  A tiny, squat, open-walled hut with a pyramidal roof on four supports is in a flat clearing in this landscape.  Two tiny seated figures to the left are gazing out over the edge of this world.  This picture is very similar to the first one from the son's book mentioned above; Lesniewicz,Paul  Bonsai in Your Home (NY: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.; 1994), pg. 59 has color reverse print and full depiction of landscape that is shown in Complete Guide ; Stein, Rolf A.  The World in Miniature (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1990), pg. 34, has another miniature landscape of similar style, also dated 1808.  And, the one copy listed in the Japanese university library holdings database ( http://webcat.nii.ac.jp/webcat_eng.html ) is dated 1808; per the Library of Congress Online Catalog, http://catalog.loc.gov/, an edition from possibly Osaka is dated not before 1826, LCC #98847211.  GoogleBooks also lists only an 1826 edition published by Imazuya Tatsusaburō.  A 1925 edition out of Kyoto is LCC #96470979.  Except for the LOC citations, all the other above sources give only the first word of the title.  A b&w of the print in Lesniewicz is also in Covello, Vincent T. and Yuji Yoshimura   The Japanese Art of Stone Appreciation, Suiseki and Its Use with Bonsai (Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle; 1996, 1984), pg. 104.
      A copy of an 1842 27-page work, Senkeiban Zushiki Joukan Vol. 1 by the artist Shofuzan Houzou, was on e-Bay up to the end of Sept. 2007.  The winning bid was US$910.   For educational comparison, above we have two images from the 1842 work.
      An 1822 edition was offered for sale to the Phoenix club 3 Mar 2011 by www.carolynstaleyprints.com with these details describing it: Senkeiban zushiki (Pictures and methods of placing miniature landscapes on dishes), edited by Takashi Katsutada, 26 x 18.4 cm, 24 different gardens illustrated on 30 illustrated pp. with 10 pp. text (4 introduction and 6 colophon).  Woodblock with attractive hand-colored accents.  In posting per Mitchell on ausbonsai.com 29 Jul 2011, volume one has been located and posted at http://www.ausbonsai.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=8869&p=97371#p97239, visible when you sign up for a free membership in the Australian Bonsai Forum.  Volume 2 was said to follow, but has not shown up yet.  When it does, it will be linked here also.  The blog article, "Japanese 'Penjing' From an 1826 [sic] Book" by Bonsai Penjing & More, October 7, 2016, was brought to RJB's attention courtesy of the November 15, 2016 issue of Mary Miller's excellent newsletter, Bonsai Banter.

2      Bartlett, Harley Harris and Hide Shohara   Japanese Botany During the Period of Wood-Block Printing (Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop; 1961.  Reprinted from ASA GRAY BULLETIN, N.S. 3: 289-561, Spring 1961), pg. 252; Newsom, Samuel   Japanese Garden Construction (Tokyo: Domoto, Kumagawa and Perkins, 1939.  1988 reprint by Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie, NY), pg. 281, lists this as an 1815 garden book by Abe Rekisai; Liang, Amy  The Living Art of Bonsai (New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.; 1992), pg. 107 states that "In Abe Kijin's (1821) Propagating Plants and Trees, bonsai is mentioned along with notes explaining the Japanese pronunciation 'hachiue,' which means potted plant."; per the Library of Congress Online Catalog, http://catalog.loc.gov/, the Kyoto publisher was Katsumura Jiemon, while the Edo one was Yamashiroya Sahee in Bunka 15 (1818), LCC #98847230.  "IWASS1," http://www.hanshan.com/j/IWASS1.HTM, which also offers a copy of the manuscript for GBP 1,150.00 (approx. US $1,875) as of 30 Jul 2011; "Iwasaki Tsunemasa," Spencer Research Library, http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/easternBotanicals/iwasakitsunemasas/index.html; The Story of "Bonsai", The History of Bonsai from ancient times to the present, The Omiya Bonsai Art Museum, Saitama, issued on March 21, 2014.

3      Bartlett, pg. 172, has a b&w photo of a page from, and translates the title as Collection of unusual plants [with drawings and writings by many experts], giving the publication data as Edo, Bunsei 10 (1827); Yashiroda, Kan "The Amateur Bonsai Fancier" in Yashiroda Handbook on Dwarf Potted Trees (NY: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1953, 1959), has b&w photo on pg. 83 and states on pg. 82 that "The accompanying photograph of winter daphne (D. odora) is reproduced from a book published in 1827; it shows a crested branch which was rooted as a cutting and perpetuated [sic] and trained as a bonsai."; Titley, Norah and Frances Wood  Oriental Gardens, An Illustrated History (San Francisco: Chronicle Books; 1991), pg. 116 Fig. " 109 Pot plants (three varieties of Nandina domestica by Untei)... hand-coloured woodblock... "; Del Tredici, Peter  Early American Bonsai (Jamaica, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University; 1989), pp. 14-15 and 22, states the author as Kintaro; cf. Wichmann, Siegfried Japonisme: the influence on Western art in the 19th and 20th centuries (New York: Park Lane; 1980.  English translation, 1981), pp. 330-331: "There are indications that the design studio of the Daum Workshop in Paris [c.late 1880's] had access to the work So-moku Ki-hin Kaga-mi, published by printers and botanists in Kyoto in 1828.  Individual parts -- mostly boughs -- are copied exactly on the ornamental vases of the brothers Daum.  Many Japanese botanical books, in fact, were used in Europe as reference materials for Japan inspired artwork, crafts and designs."  Per the article A Careful Selection of Whisk Ferns (1837), in The Public Domain Review, Whisk ferns -- Psilotum to botanists, matsubaran in Japanese -- belonged to a category of plants called kihin, curious and rare specimens for which there was a fad among collectors during the latter part of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  Printed illustrations could forever freeze these unique cultivars in the moment of their highest flowering or fullest leaf.  But publishers of books who fed into the kihin craze sometimes ran afoul of the period's harsh sumptuary laws, which strictly regulated the consumption and display of luxury items according to one's social status.  Such is the case for Catalogue of Extraordinary Plants (Somoku Kihin Kagami), whose unfortunate editor, Kinta the Gardener, had his property seized and his woodblocks burned before being banished from the capital forever -- fitting punishment, so it was apparently thought, for promoting such dangerous indulgences."  "Chabo-hiba" material from Peter Del Tredici's From Temple to Terrace, The Remarkable Journey of the Oldest Bonsai in America, Harvard Arboretum, Nov 15, 2006, which states that Somoku Kihin Kagami, was published originally in 1827 and reprinted in facsimile 1976 with modern Japanese characters and Latin plant names (Kintaro, 1827; Tsukamoto, 1976; Tokyo: Seiseido (in Japanese).

4      Liang, pg. 107.

5      Naka, John and Richard K. Ota and Kenko Rokkaku   Bonsai Techniques for Satsuki (Ota Bonsai Nursery; 1979), pg. 32, lists the author as Mizuno Tadaki; Tsumura, Toichi, M.F.S. "Dwarf Trees," Japan Society: Transactions (Vol. VI, Part 1, pp. 2-15), pg. 11 includes quote about; Nippon Bonsai Association  Classic Bonsai of Japan (Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International; 1989), pp. 150-152 have three b&w photos of pages and pine-grower quote from.  First photo [above] from pg. 151, described as "A picture of a 'classical pine bonsai'" and second photo [above], same page, as "An explanation...of kannuki-eda,kuruma-eda, and other 'taboo' branch formations."; Bartlett, pp. 172-173, with b&w photo of page from on pg. 174, Fig. 47.

6      "Notes on Antique Chinese Bonsai Pots" by Ikune Sawada, Bonsai Magazine, BCI, September/October 1988, Vol. XXVII, No. 5, pg. 25; Bonsai Magazine, BCI, Vol. XXXII, No. 3, May/June 1993, pg. 23, mentions an 1818 gardening guide by Kanen Iwasaki, Somoku-Ikushu: but see author of work with Note 2 (above).  Per Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, 1887, Vol. 25, pg. 226: "Iwasaki Tsunemasa, of Yedo, was a superintendent of a botanic garden belonging to Shogun, and also the author of 'Somoku Ikushu,' published in two volumes about 1817."

7      Yashiroda, Kan Bonsai, Japanese Miniature Trees (Newton, MA: C.T. Branford Co./London: Faber and Faber; 1960), pp. 21-22, which has no author specified and the date as 1830; Koreshoff, Deborah R.  Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy (Brisbane, Australia: Boolarong Publications; 1984), pg. 8, no author and 1830 date; Nippon Bonsai Association  Classic Bonsai of Japan, pp. 149-150, has two b&w photos of pages from, and lists the publication date as 1833; Ishiyama, Nonkey T. "Historical Notes on Japanese Bonsai," Bonsai Journal, ABS, Vol. 5, No. 3, Fall 1971, pp. 43- 44 has b&w [shown above] on latter page captioned "Illustrations [sic] from a book of Japanese potted plants dated 1830. From the collection of N.T. Ishiyama"; cf. Shufunotomo, Editors of The Essentials of Bonsai (Portland, OR: Timber Press; 1982), pg. 9, has date of 1803; and Newsom, pg. 281, has "Kinsei Zu-fu by Choseisha, an 1832 garden book"; per personal e-mail dated Jan. 23, 2020 to RJB from John Romano (who owns a copy of the work) the author, title, date and size are as listed above; details per John Romano in Facebook posting Jan. 22, 2020; per the Library of Congress Online Catalog, http://catalog.loc.gov/, the Kyoto publisher was Katsumura Jiemon, while the Edo one was Suharaya Sasuke, LCC #98847182.  Only the LOC citation lists the third word in the title.  The Minneapolis Institute of Art has a copy in their Mary Griggs Burke Collection, Manual on Arboriculture, showing an open double-page with two illustrations; Lot-Art has a different double-wide illustration but gives the year of publication as 1836; there is a copy at Yale and at Harvard, in addition to one in the Library of Congress.

8       Bartlett, pg. 253, having the author's name as "Abe Yoshito," with b&w of the right-hand plate of the sample pages shown above on pg. 254 as Fig. 101; Nippon Bonsai Association  Classic Bonsai of Japan, b&w on pg. 149; Yashiroda, Kan "The Amateur Bonsai Fancier," has b&w photo on pg. 83 also of the right hand plate from above and states on pg. 82 that "The second photograph is reproduced from a book published in 1837.  The first glance shows merely a completed bonsai; but closer inspection reveals that on each branch of the thread-form Sawara cypress ( Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera ) one to three scions of Hiba arbor-vitae, or false arbor-vitae ( Thujopsis dolabrata ), have been grafted.  When the graft unions are completed, all the branches of the Sawara cypress are to be cut off and the whole tree converted into Hiba arbor-vitae.
       "These are not childish attempts or vague ideas but are the products of long years of an age of military ascendency, when every profession was hereditary -- the time called the Tokogawa Era...";
       per the Library of Congress Online Catalog, http://catalog.loc.gov/, the Edo publisher was Suharaya Mohe, LCC #98847832; the three part author's name is per "IWASS1," http://www.hanshan.com/j/IWASS1.HTM.

9      Nippon Bonsai Association  Classic Bonsai of Japan, pg. 150.  See also No. 2 work above.

10     Yoshishige -- "53 Tokaido Bonsai -- Nihonbashi" and subsequent pages in Ukiyoe-Gallery.com; GoogleBooks.  A copy of this was also offered for sale to the Phoenix club 3 Mar 2011 by www.carolynstaleyprints.com.