| In General | Cancer Risk? | Cholesterol | Diabetes Risk? |
| Ketogenesis | Kidneys | Saturated Fat | Other General |
|
NOTE: The following listing is a sample of the research out there which generally shows
that elements of a carnivore way of eating are not inherently bad/dangerous. Some
of the conclusions of a few of the research studies have been twisted to be different
than what the results showed. Very few studies were designed or conducted to be
"perfect" -- especially to our increasingly skeptical, analytical review -- or having
taken every last possible significant variable or bias into consideration. We are
not claiming that any of these studies is the final say on their respective subject.
We are offering this listing as a starting point for additional conversation, experimentation,
and exploration of this way of eating. Thank-you.
See also the six corollaries in statistician John Ioannidis' famous article from 2005, "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False." Documentation -- Modern Humans Yes, we don't have much hard-core clinical evidence yet. But why would the "Big Medicine, Big Pharma, and Big Food" complex fund studies that could potentially hurt their business? There are tens of thousands of anecdotes from carnivores who've been doing this from a few months to several years that repeatedly show benefits that prescriptions and standard treatments have not helped. All those n=1 studies mean much more than the food frequency questionnaires that are worshiped by epidemiologists. And why aren't there any journal articles listing all the clinical problems that theoretically should exist all over the place with all these carnivores? The Standard American/Australian/Western Diet has failed to even maintain health with its fifty-year push for less meat consumption and increased vegetables and grains and seed oils. CARNIVORE IN GENERAL Daley CA, Abbott A, Doyle PS, Nader GA, Larson S. "A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef," Nutr J., 2010 Mar 10;9:10. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-10. PMID: 20219103; PMCID: PMC2846864. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2846864/) David, Lawrence A., et. al. "Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome," Nature. 2013 Dec 11;505(7484):559-563. doi: 10.1038/nature12820. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3957428/) NOTE: A study with 10 volunteers ages 21-33 who ate a plant-based diet for 5 days after a 4-day watch period, and then there was a 6-day "microbial recovery" period, which was then followed by 5 days of an animal-based diet. Fecal swab examinations were made of bacterial populations every day. The 5-day animal-based diet realistically was not long enough to do justice to microbial changes related to what would later be called a "carnivore" diet, which could require up to 90 days on the diet for "fat-adaptation" to be established with its particular microbiome in place. Some of the text in this study also refers to results from mouse-models." Goedeke, Sylvia, et al. "Assessing the Nutrient Composition of a Carnivore Diet: A Case Study Model," Nutrients, 2025, 17(1), 140. (https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010140) Goldman, David M. "Traditional Maasai Dietary Practices and Their Inapplicability to Modern Carnivore Diets: A Narrative Review," Cureus, February 03, 2025, Doi: 10.7759/cureus.78448. (https://www.cureus.com/articles/336374-traditional-maasai-dietary-practices-and-their-inapplicability-to-modern-carnivore-diets-a-narrative-review#!/) Ho, Kok-Sun, et al. "Stopping or reducing dietary fiber intake reduces constipation and its associated symptoms," World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2012 Sep 7;18(33):4593-4596. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i33.4593. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3435786/) Hodgson, Jonathan M. et al. "Increased lean red meat does not elevate markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in humans," J. Nutr, 2007 Feb., Pp. 363-367. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622090642) Karačić, Andrija, et al. "The gut microbiome without any plant food? A case study on the gut microbiome of a healthy carnivore," Microbiota and Host, Volume 2, Issue 1, 1 February 2024. (https://mah.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/mah/2/1/MAH-24-0006.xml) Karačić, Andrija, et al. "Long-term adherence to the carnivore diet and its impact on the gut microbiota: a cross-sectional study," Microbiota and Host, Volume 4, Issue 1, 1 February 2024 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S275369552600004X) Kerna, Nicholas, et al. "The Truth: Are Humans Vegetarian, Carnivore, or Omnivore? A Review Based on the Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Digestive Tract," EC Nutrition, 2021. 16. 78-86. 10.31080/ecnu.2021.16.00966. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354141337_The_Truth_Are_Humans_Vegetarian_Carnivore_or_Omnivore_A_Review_Based_on_the_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_the_Human_Digestive_Tract) Klement, Rainer, J., et al. "Subjective Experiences and Blood Parameter Changes in Individuals From Germany Following a Self-Conceived 'Carnivore Diet': An Explorative Study," Cureus, 2025 Apr 18;17(4):e82521. Doi: 10.7759/cureus.82521. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12085909/) Klurfeld, David M. "What is the role of meat in a healthy diet?," Anim Front., 2018 Jul 7;8(3):5-10. doi: 10.1093/af/vfy009. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7015455/) Lennerz, Belinda S., et al. "Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Reported Health Status among 2029 Adults Consuming a 'Carnivore Diet'," Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 5, Issue 12, nzab133, December 2021. (https://cdn.nutrition.org/article/S2475-2991(22)10608-6/fulltext) Lescinsky, Haley, et al. "Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof Study," Nature Medicine, 10 October, 2022. (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01968-z) Lietz, Almiera, et al. "Carnivore Diet: A Scoping Review of the Current Evidence, Potential Benefits and Risks," Nutrients, Jan. 21, 2026, 18(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020348. (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/2/348) NOTE: "This is the kind of lazy analysis that happens when researchers evaluate a diet based on theoretical nutrient databases rather than actual blood work from people eating this way." Based on only 9 studies and admitting that the evidence is very limited, the primary finding is that there is a theoretical nutrient deficiency. But, what type[s] of carnivore diets were in use? for how long? and were there actual clinical deficiency symptoms, not just low RDA values? Also is the frequent actual LDL increase seen an actual preliminary to CVD? There is no long-term evidence for the carnivore diet, but this is neither positive nor negative. Norgren, Jakob, PhD., et al. "Meat Consumption and Cognitive Health by APOE Genotype," JAMA Network Open, Published Online: March 19, 2026 2026(3):e266489. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.6489. (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2846712) O'Hearn, Amber "Can a carnivore diet provide all essential nutrients?," Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity 27(5): pp. 312-316, October 2020. Doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000576. (https://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/abstract/2020/10000/can_a_carnivore_diet_provide_all_essential.11.aspx?context=latestarticles) Orr, J.B. and J.L. Gilks "Studies of nutrition. The physique and health of two African tribes," Privy Council Medical Research Council, London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1931. (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924003510108&seq=1) Pennings, Bart, et al. "Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Jul 2023, doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051201. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523051407) Pighin, Dario, et al. "Contribution of Beef to Human Health: A Review of the Role of the Animal Production Systems," Scientific World Journal, 2016 Feb 16; 2016:8681491. doi: 10.1155/2016/8681491. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4771914/) Protogerou, Cleo, et al. "Beliefs and Experiences of Individuals Following a Zero-Carb Diet," Behav. Sci. 23 November, 2021, 11(12), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11120161. (https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/11/12/161) Purchas RW, et al. "Cooking temperature effects on the forms of iron and levels of several other compounds in beef semitendinosus muscle," Meat Sci. 2004 Oct; 68(2):201-7. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.02.018. PMID: 22062229. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309174004000592?via%3Dihub) Sholl, Jonathan, et al. "Reframing Nutritional Microbiota Studies To Reflect an Inherent Metabolic Flexibility of the Human Gut: a Narrative Review Focusing on High-Fat Diets," mBio, 2021 Apr 13;12(2):e00579-21. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00579-21. (https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.00579-21?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed) Stanton, Angela A. "Specifically formulated ketogenic, low carbohydrate, and carnivore diets can prevent migraine: a perspective," Front. Nutr., 29 April 2024, Sec. Nutrition, Psychology and Brain Health, Volume 11 - 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1367570. (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1367570/full) Wu, Guoyao "Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health," Amino Acids, 2020 Feb 18;52(3):329-360. doi: 10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7088015/) You, Wenpeng, et al. "Total Meat Intake is Associated with Life Expectancy: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of 175 Contemporary Populations," International Journal of General Medicine, 2022 Feb 22;15:1833-1851. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S333004. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8881926/) Young, S. Stanley, et al. "Evaluation of a meta-analysis of the association between red and processed meat and selected human health effects," Arxiv, 9 Nov 2021. (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.05337) CANCER RISK? Bouvard, Véronique, et al. "Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat," The Lancet Oncology, Volume 16, Issue 16, p1599-1600, December 2015. (https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(15)00444-1/fulltext) NOTE: The study pulled from 14 prospective cohort studies which did not differentiate between various types of minimally-processed meats, such as Parma ham with salt, and other types such as bologna and hot dogs with multiple ingredients. Smoking, drinking, and sedentary patterns of most of the persons studied were not taken into consideration. Cho, Eunyoung, et al. "Meat and fat intake and colorectal cancer risk: A pooled analysis of 14 prospective studies," Cancer Res, (2004) 64 (7_Supplement): 113. (https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/64/7_Supplement/113/516408/Meat-and-fat-intake-and-colorectal-cancer-risk-A?searchresult=1) Fan, Hao et al. "Trans-vaccenic acid reprograms CD8+ T cells and anti-tumour immunity," Nature, 2023 Nov 22; 623(7989):1034-1043. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06749-3. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10686835/) Ghosn, Batoul, et al. "Total, unprocessed, and processed red meat intake in relation to the risk of pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies," Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, Volume 67, pp. 265-275, June 2025. (https://www.clinicalnutritionespen.com/article/S2405-4577(25)00112-3/abstract) Guzman Elizabeth, et al. "Effects of Diets Containing Beef Compared with Poultry on Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Other Cardiometabolic Health Indicators in Males and Females with Prediabetes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial," Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2025, 107589. DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107589. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2475299125030513) Klurfeld, D. M. "How certain can we be about the association of meat consumption and cancer?," Journal of Animal Science, Volume 94, Issue suppl_5, October 2016, Page 437, doi: 10.2527/jam2016.0907. (https://academic.oup.com/jas/article-abstract/94/suppl_5/437/4766702?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false) Lee, Jung Eun, et al. "Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies," J Natl Cancer Inst., 2008 Dec 3;100(23):1695-706. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn386. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19033572/) CHOLESTEROL Diamond, David M., et al. "Statin therapy is not warranted for a person with high-LDL cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet," Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity, 2022 Oct 1;29(5):497-511. (https://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/fulltext/2022/10000/statin_therapy_is_not_warranted_for_a_person_with.14.aspx) Kip, Kevin E., et al. "Is LDL cholesterol associated with long-term mortality among primary prevention adults? A retrospective cohort study from a large healthcare system," BMJ Open Journals, 2024, Volume 14, Issue 3. (https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/3/e077949) Kosmas, Constantine E., et al. "The Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) Ratio as a Risk Marker for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease," Diagnostics (Basel), 2023, Mar 1, 13(5):929. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050929. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10001260/) Krause, Martin R. and Steven L. Regen, "The structural role of cholesterol in cell membranes: from condensed bilayers to lipid rafts," Accounts of Chemical Research, 2014 December 16 (https://d.docksci.com/the-structural-role-of-cholesterol-in-cell-membranes-from-condensed-bilayers-to-_5a898819d64ab2beaefedd2b.html) Liu, Ya, et al. "Association between low density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause mortality: results from the NHANES 1999-2014," Scientific Reports, 11, 22111 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01738-w. (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01738-w) Orth, Matthias and Stefano Bellosta "Cholesterol: its regulation and role in central nervous system disorders." Cholesterol. Oct 17 2012; 2012:292598. doi: 10.1155/2012/292598. Epub 2012 Oct 17. PMID: 23119149; PMCID: PMC3483652. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3483652/) Ravnskov, Uffe, et al. "Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review," BMJ Open, 2016 Jun 12;6(6):e010401. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010401. (https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010401) Ravnskov U, et al. "LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of the current literature," Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018. Volume 11, Issue 10, pp. 959-970. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391. (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#abstract) Sachdeva Amit et al. "Lipid levels in patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease: an analysis of 136,905 hospitalizations in Get With The Guidelines," Am Heart J., 2009 Jan;157(1):111-117.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010. Epub 2008 Oct 22. PMID: 19081406. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002870308007175?via%3Dihub) Schatz IJ, et al. "Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study," Lancet. 2001 Aug 4;358(9279):351-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05553-2. PMID: 11502313. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502313/) See also this summary: https://danmurphydc.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/articles/2010/Article_27-10_schatzC32.pdf Tada, Hayato, et al. "What is the Role of Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis Biomarkers in Humans?," J Atheroscler Thromb, 2023 Jan 28; 30(10):1307-1308. doi: 10.5551/jat.ED225 (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10564673/) DIABETES RISK? Anyang Kaakyire D, et al. "Efficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets in Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review," Cureus 17(1): e77004, January 06, 2025 doi:10.7759/cureus.77004 . (https://www.cureus.com/articles/325048-efficacy-of-low-carbohydrate-diets-versus-low-fat-diets-in-glycemic-control-among-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-a-systematic-review#!/) DeNicolantonio, James J., et al. "Markedly increased intake of refined carbohydrates and sugar is associated with the rise of coronary heart disease and diabetes among the Alaskan Inuit," Openheart, Volume 4, Issue 2, 5 December 2017. (https://openheart.bmj.com/content/openhrt/4/2/e000673.full.pdf) De Souza, Russell J., et al. "Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies," BMJ, 2015, 351. (https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978) European Association for the Study of Diabetes, "Scientists link a strange sugar in red meat to a 63% higher diabetes risk," ScienceDaily, 18 October 2026. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/10/261017230031.htm. NOTE: "The researchers caution that their findings are preliminary and have not yet been validated. The reported estimates could change once the final analysis is completed. "Because the study was observational, it cannot establish that Neu5Gc causes type 2 diabetes or identify precisely which factors are responsible for the higher risk. "Although the analysis accounted for several established diabetes risk factors, unmeasured lifestyle and social influences could still have affected the results. "There were also limitations in how dietary exposure was assessed. Neu5Gc consumption was estimated using participants' food records rather than measured directly, and the researchers did not account for possible dietary changes during the follow-up period. Both factors could have introduced errors into the exposure estimates." Gannon Mary C and Frank Q. Nuttall "Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes," Diabetes, 2004 Sep;53(9):2375-82. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2375. PMID: 15331548. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331548/) O'Connor, Lauren E., et al. "Effects of Total Red Meat Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," Advances in Nutrition, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 115-127, ISSN 2161-8313, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa096. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322003696) Sanders Lisa M., et al, "Red meat consumption and risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials," Eur J Clin Nutr. 2023 Feb;77(2):156-165. doi: 10.1038/s41430-022-01150-1. Epub 2022 May 5. PMID: 35513448; PMCID: PMC9908545. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35513448/) Sucher, Stephanie et al. "Comparison of the effects of diets high in animal or plant protein on metabolic and cardiovascular markers in type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial," Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2017 Feb 09, doi.org/10.1111.dom.12901. (https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dom.12901) KETOGENESIS Abdelrahim, Rana A., et al. "Nutritional Ketosis as a Therapeutic Approach in Critical Illness: A Systematic Review," Cureus, 2024Jul 26;16(7):e65455. Doi: 10.7759/cureus.65455. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11281694/) Barrea, L., et al. "Effects of very low-calorie ketogenic diet on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system," J. Endocrinol Invest., 2023 Apr 5;46(8):1509-1520. doi: 10.1007/s40618-023-02068-6. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10349006/) Cahill, Jr., George F. "Fuel Metabolism in Starvation," Annual Review of Nutrition, 26(1) August 2006,1-22 DOI:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258. (https://assibi.wordpress.com/2022/05/12/fuel-metabolism-in-starvation-by-george-f-cahill-jr/) de Menezes, Ehrika Vanessa Almeida, et al. "Influence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis," Nutrition Journal (Systematic Review), 18 (1): 41, Published: 23 July 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0457-z. (https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-019-0457-z) Feng, Shuo, et al. "Carbohydrate-restricted diet types and macronutrient replacements for metabolic health in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized trials," Clinical Nutrition, Volume 54, pp. 27-41, November 2025. (https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(25)00253-5/fulltext). Hasan-Olive, Md Mahdi, et al. "A Ketogenic Diet Improves Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Bioenergetics via the PGCa-SIRT3-UCP2 Axi," Neurochem Res., 2019 Jan;44(1):22-37. doi: 10.1007/s11064-018-2588-6. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30027365/). Koutnik, Andrew P., et al. "Efficacy and Safety of Long-term Ketogenic Diet Therapy in a Patient With Type 1 Diabetes," JCEM Case Rep, 2024 Jul 10;2(7):luae102. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11234288/) Krauss, Ronald M., et al. "Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia," Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 83, Issue 5, May 2006, pp. 1025-1031. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523294083?via%3Dihub). Manninen, AH "Metabolic Effects of the Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diets: Misunderstood 'Villains' of Human Metabolism," J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2004; 1(2): 7-11. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129159/). Norwitz, Nicholas G. and Adrian Soto-Mota "Case report: Carnivore-ketogenic diet for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a case series of 10 patients," Front. Nutr., 01 September 2024, Sec. Clinical Nutrition, Volume 11 - 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1467475.(https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1467475/full?) Owen OE et al. "Brain metabolism during fasting," Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1967 Oct;46(10):1589-95. doi: 10.1172/JCI105650. PMID: 6061736; PMCID: PMC292907.(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC292907/) Paoli, A., et al. "Ketogenic Diet and Microbiota: Friends or Enemies?," Genes,15 Jul 2019, 10(7):E534. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129159/) Patikorn, C., et al. "Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials," BMC Med 21, 196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02874-y. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12916-023-02874-y) Prins, P.J., et al. "Low and high carbohydrate isocaloric diets on preformance, fat oxidation, glucose and cardiometabolic health in middle age males," Front Nutr, 10:1084021, 09 Feb 2023, doi.org/10/3389/fnut.2023.1084021 PMID: 36845048 PMCID: PMC9946985. (https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36845048#free-full-text) Queathem, Eric D., et al. "Ketogenesis mitigates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease through mechanisms that extend beyond fat oxidation," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Apr 24, 2025. (https://www.jci.org/articles/view/191021) Rice, Sarah M., et al. "A Delphi consensus-based guideline for the implementation of therapeutic carbohydrate reduction in metabolic disorders," Journal of Metabolic Health, Vol. 9, No. 1, 02 October 2026, a152, 25 pp., doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/jmh.v9i1.152. (https://journalofmetabolichealth.org/index.php/jmh/article/view/152) Skartun, Oddbjorn, et al. "Symptoms during initiation of a ketogenic diet: a scoping review of occurrence rates, mechanisms and relief strategies," Front. Nutr., 25 March 2025, Sec. Clinical Nutrition Volume 12 - 2025 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1538266 (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1538266/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) Teicholz, Nina, et al. "Myths and Facts Regarding Low-Carbohydrate Diets," Nutrients 2025. 17(6), 1047. (https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061047). Unwin, David J., et al. "Substantial and Sustained Improvements in Blood Pressure, Weight and Lipid Profiles from a Carbohydrate Restricted Diet: An Observational Study of Insulin Resistant Patients in Primary Care," Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 Jul 26;16(15):2680. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6695889/) Xin, Lijing, et al. "Nutritional Ketosis Increases NAD+/NADH Ratio in Healthy Human Brain: An 'in Vivo' Study by 31P-MRS," Front. Nutr., 11 July 2018, Sec. Neuroenergetics and Brain Health Volume 5 - 2018, doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00062. (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00062/full). Zweers, Heidi, et al. "Ketogenic diet for mitochondrial disease: a systematic review on efficacy and safety," Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2021 Jul 3;16:295. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01927-w. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8254320/pdf/13023_2021_Article_1927.pdf) KIDNEYS Asoudeh, Farzaneh, et al. "Associations of Total Protein or Animal Protein Intake and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis," Adv. Nutr., 2022 Feb 18;13(3):821-832. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac013. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9156392/) Lee, Jung Eun, et al. "Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies," J Natl Cancer Inst., 2008 Dec 3;100(23):1695-706. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn386. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19033572/). Martin, William F., et al. "Dietary protein intake and renal function," Nutr Metab (Lond) 2, 25 (2005). (https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-2-25) "Do We Have Kidney Health All Wrong?" Metabolic Mind, 4 Aug 2025. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsSY_2f4xGI) NOTE: The actual studies do not show kidney harm. "Perhaps the most consistently cited reference with regard to the potentially harmful effects of dietary protein intake on renal function is that of Brenner et al.... In brief, the Brenner Hypothesis states that situations associated with increased glomerular filtration and glomerular pressure cause renal injury, ultimately compromise renal function, and potentially increase the risk for or progression of renal disease. Brenner proposed that habitual consumption of excessive dietary protein negatively impacted kidney function by a sustained increased in glomerular pressure and renal hyperfiltration. Since the majority of scientific evidence cited by the authors was generated from animal models and patients with co-existing renal disease, extension of this relationship to healthy human individuals with normal renal function is inappropriate. Indeed, a relationship between increased glomerular pressure or hyperfiltration and the onset or progression of renal disease in healthy individuals has not been clearly documented in the scientific literature. Rather, findings from individuals with compensatory hyperfiltration during pregnancy and following unilateral nephrectomy suggest otherwise." "The concept that increased dietary protein leads to dehydration may have originated from an unsubstantiated extension of a 1954 review of the nitrogen balance literature. This review focused on the design of survival rations for military operations in the desert or at sea, when water supply and energy intake are limited. Since the excretion of 1 gram of urea nitrogen requires 40 - 60 mL of additional water, increased protein intakes in the study translated into an increased water requirement (i.e., +250 mL water per 6 grams of dietary nitrogen in a 500 Kcal diet) for excretion of urea nitrogen. This increased fluid requirement is situation specific and is not necessarily applicable to individuals whose calorie and water intakes are adequate. Presently, we know of no studies executed in healthy individuals with normal renal function which demonstrate a clear relation between increased dietary protein intake and dehydration or a detrimental "strain" on the kidney. Therefore, claims that a high protein diet promotes dehydration or adversely 'strains' the kidney remain speculative." NOTE: Whole foods (fish, eggs, meat) are digested slowly over hours, allowing kidneys to filter them safely, whereas protein shakes (40g) hit the bloodstream in roughly 30 minutes, causing nephron overload. 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